Articles in English

Peak oil is the point in time when the production of oil reaches its maximum and begins to decline. The concept of peak oil is based on the observation that oil production follows a bell-shaped curve, with production increasing over time, reaching a peak, and then declining. The peak of oil production is caused by a combination of factors, including declining reserves, aging oil fields, and increasing costs of extraction.

Mass surveillance is the systematic monitoring of large groups of individuals by government or corporate entities. It involves the collection, storage, analysis and sharing of vast amounts of personal data, such as phone records, emails, internet searches, and financial transactions. The primary justification for mass surveillance is to protect national security and prevent terrorism, but its scope has expanded significantly in recent years to include cybercrime, organized crime, and even political dissent.

An intergovernmental organization (IGO) is a type of international organization that is established by agreement between two or more sovereign states. The primary purpose of IGOs is to promote cooperation and coordination among their member states on a wide range of issues, including political, economic, social, and environmental matters. IGOs play a crucial role in shaping the international system and influencing the behavior of states, and they are central to the global governance architecture.

Global rights are a set of universal moral principles and norms that are recognized as legally binding across the world. They serve as a basis for protecting the dignity and worth of all human beings and ensuring their basic freedoms and rights. The concept of global rights emerged in response to the atrocities and injustices of World War II and the recognition that human rights must be protected at the international level.

Global justice is a crucial and complex concept that refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, benefits, and opportunities among people throughout the world. It encompasses a range of ethical, political, and economic issues that are relevant to all nations and individuals, and that have significant implications for the well-being and happiness of humanity.

Global governance refers to the mechanisms and processes by which the international community seeks to address global problems and challenges. It encompasses a wide range of actors, institutions, and practices, and its aim is to promote cooperation, stability, and security in the international system. The concept of global governance has gained increasing importance in recent years, as the world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, and as a growing number of global problems have emerged that cannot be effectively addressed by individual nations acting alone.