Articles in English

Earth System Science (ESS) is a branch of science that aims to understand the interactions and processes that govern the functioning of the Earth as a whole. This multidisciplinary field incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, biology, and geology to study the complex interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere. By examining the Earth as a single system, ESS provides a comprehensive understanding of the planet and the forces that shape it, which is essential for predicting and mitigating the effects of human activities and natural disasters.

Earth economics refers to a new economic paradigm that views the economy as a subsystem of the Earth's ecosystems and considers the impact of human activities on the environment. This approach recognizes that the planet's natural resources are finite and that the continued growth of the economy must be balanced with the conservation of these resources for future generations.

A developing country, also known as a less developed country or a low-income country, is a nation with a lower standard of living, lower human development index (HDI), and limited access to resources and basic necessities compared to developed countries. Despite being economically, socially, and politically disadvantaged, developing countries are crucial for the world's economic stability and progress.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly growing problem that is posing a serious threat to global public health. It refers to the ability of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. This resistance has developed as a result of the widespread and inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and the environment.

Resource depletion refers to the gradual exhaustion of natural resources that are essential for human survival and well-being. These resources include water, soil, minerals, forests, wildlife, and fossil fuels. The depletion of these resources is a major concern because it has far-reaching consequences on the environment and human society.

The ozone layer is a critical component of the Earth's atmosphere that protects life on the planet from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. It is a thin layer of ozone molecules (O3) located in the stratosphere, about 10 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer acts as a shield, absorbing most of the sun's harmful UV radiation and preventing it from reaching the Earth's surface.